The Good, The Bad and The Ugly! Insect Enemy Number One: Tomato Hornworm Wanted Dead or Alive!
The Hornworm (Manduca sexta) – Image â“’ Tim Geiss at Poltergeiss
Wanted Dead or Alive: Manduca quinquemaculata (and also Manduca sexta) aka The Hornworm. Although he looks almost clownish in Tim Geiss’ photo (above), this garden pest is no laughing matter. The hornworm feeds on tomato plants and their relatives (other nightshades of the Solanaceae family; including peppers, tomatillos, eggplants, tobacco and the like) and a gang of these caterpillars can easily defoliate entire plants in a matter of days. Give these garden-thugs a week unchecked, and you can kiss your tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and tomatillos goodbye all together.
As you can see from the photo, Mr. Hornworm is a master of disguise. It’s nearly impossible to spot him as he crawls down the backside of leaves and stems, munching as he goes. In fact, most of the time, it’s easier to detect the tomato hornworm’s presence by the dark green droppings rapidly accumulating at the base of host plants. With this in mind, carefully inspect the soil/mulch in your garden as you weed and water. The best method of control is to handpick these caterpillars from garden plants manually (don’t worry about that menacing-looking horn – this bug looks tough but it’s all coward in the end). Step on ’em and squash ’em, or drop ’em in a bucket of soapy water and it’s bye-bye Joker!
The Hornworm (Manduca sexta) Tail Detail – Image â“’ Tim Geiss at Poltergeiss
Gardener’s Supply Company Organic Thurcide:Â Btk Solution
Organic controls for tomato hornworm include Btk (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki) and spinosad (saccharopolyspora spinosa). Btk is a naturally occurring bacterium found in soil. When correctly handled and applied only to targeted foliage where caterpillars are feeding, Btk is both a safe and effective  organic solution for controlling tomato hornworm and other destructive caterpillars. However, it is important to note that Btk kills all worms and caterpillars —including butterfly larvae— when ingested. With this in mind, gardeners should never blanket-spray with Btk. Remember that the bacterium only works if the tomato worm actually eats it (and then it will take a few days). Target-spray the undersides of leaves and plant stems where the worms have been observed feeding. Spinosad is another biological insecticide product manufactured from a naturally occurring organism. When ingested (by caterpillars and other pests) spinosad will kill the host within a day or two. This is a low-toxicity product, but as with all organic pesticides, it should be used in a targeted manner and only when absolutely necessary. Try hand-picking first.
Gardener’s Supply Company Organic : Spinosad Pest Control Spray
Of course, as is often the case with villains, the hornworm has natural enemies. Birds will eat hornworms, so keeping bird houses and bird baths in your garden is definitely to your advantage if you’d like to encourage an aerial assault on the enemy. And, the appropriately named Assassin Bug (there are hundreds of individual species on the North American continent) should be welcomed to the garden as a member of your posse. In addition to the tomato hornworm, the assassin bug hunts down and kills many other ‘bad bugs’; including Colorado potato beetles, cut worms, aphids, Japanese beetles and many others. But in spite of his name, the Assassin bug isn’t the number one killer of hornworm. If you really want to see a hornworm taken down, you need to see the Braconid wasp in action…
No one stands between me and my golden tomatoes. Bring in the mercenaries: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly!
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The parasitic wasp (including the hornworm destroying Braconid) is a natural, female mercenary extraordinaire. Non-stinging and pollen-eating, parasitic wasps are attracted to flowering plants in your garden, where they will happily co-exist with other beneficial insects and animals. Draw braconid wasps to your garden with creative companion planting. Adult braconids are attracted to the pollen and nectar of flowers such as Queen Anne’s Lace and tansy, and herb blossoms; including dill, fennel, mint and parsley. So plant lots of flowering herbs, edible blossoms and posies for picking in your potager.
The braconid wasp is a clever killer. As you can see below, it’s not the delicate wasp herself who actually does the dirty deed to the hornworm. Oh no… She tasks her voracious off-spring with the job; depositing her eggs on the backs of her unsuspecting caterpillar victims! Gothic garden? Yes, indeed. This Kafkaesque process is true inspiration for a stomach-churning horror-flick. After the adult wasp lays her eggs on a wormy, slow-moving host, the tiny larvae hatch and burrow into the skin of the victim, devouring the caterpillar from within and pupating on its back. Warning: this process (captured below by photographer Tim Geiss) may be upsetting to some viewers. Sorry folks, Mother Nature isn’t always pretty! But, you really ought to take a close look to become familiar with your mercenary friends. You want to leave the parasite-infested caterpillars near your garden, protecting the living ‘nursery’ beneath nearby leaves and grass. The Braconid’s parasitic children may be the stuff of true hornworm nightmares, but they are a tomato lover’s best friend….
Braconid Wasp Larvae Eating a Hornworm – ALIVE ! – Image â“’ Tim Geiss at Poltergeiss
It’s important for a gardener to know the difference between the good and the bad, and to learn to tolerate the ugly. Not sure of whom to trust? For some great resources, check out my post, “Good Bug, Bad Bug? Let’s See Some ID Please…” over at Barnes & Noble’s Garden Variety blog, and round up your posse. When it comes to protecting my veggies, I’ve learned to work with Mother Nature’s big gun mercenaries, and to show no mercy… Just like Clint…
Whom Do You Trust? YouTube Clip from The Good, The Bad and The Ugly Finale…
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The Good, The Bad and The Ugly images are â“’ Untied Artist Pictures
Article â“’ Michaela at TGE. All product images are courtesy of linked retailers.
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8 Replies to “The Good, The Bad and The Ugly! Insect Enemy Number One: Tomato Hornworm Wanted Dead or Alive!”
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Hi Michaela, Pretty sure that this isn’t just coincidence, but my tomatoes never seem to start to ripen until the Tomato Worms start to munch on the leaves… or until I make sure to remove all of the suckers: cruel to be kind! In the right measure, cruel to be kind…
I stumbled on to your beautiful website, and couldn’t believe it when I encountered the villain who has stripped the leaves and even eaten the green tomatoes on the plants in my raised bed garden in just two days. I sprayed the few remaining leaves with Sevin, Do you have any idea if this is effective against these creatures? Where did you get your parasitic wasps? Do they live in Tennessee? I also squashed a few of the bloated monsters and put one into a plastic container with one of his half eaten tomatoes. Do you have any idea what becomes of these horrible caterpillars? Do they turn into a beautiful butterfly? If so, this will create a dilemma for me because I like to take pictures of butterflies…. Please tell me they become horrid ugly moths.
Hi Walter. I’m sorry to hear about your trouble with hornworm. Hornworms become hawk moths, which are a hovering (like hummingbirds) noctural moths (they are actually quite attractive and harmless – consuming pollen). But, in a vegetable garden, the larvae are terrible pests. Because I garden organically, I do not use Sevin. Sevin contains carbaryl, which will kill beneficial insects, including bees, butterflies and parasitic wasps, as well as ‘bad bugs’ like hornworms. So, I encourage gardeners to choose Btk instead, as this is an organically-approved pesticide. Btk is a bacterium which kills caterpillars (all kinds) when they ingest it – but it does not harm other insects. So, if you spray it on the leaves caterpillars are eating, it will kill them. Sometimes it is sold under the name ‘Dipel’. There is a Btk link here in this post. The best method of control (from an environmental standpoint, as well as to protect you) is handpicking (as you are doing) and drowning the caterpillars in soapy water. Parasitic wasps are a great way to deal with hornworm. They exist throughout the US. I have them around my yard naturally and I encourage them by growing flowering herbs in my garden (the adult wasps eat pollen). You could check with a company like Abico Organics to see if they sell them – I know they sell fly control wasps.
Thank you for visiting The Gardener’s Eden. Good luck controlling your hornworm population, and saving your tomatoes!
How do parasitic wasps look like?
Here is a link (also within the post) to some information on, and photos of, the Brachonidae family —click here to see them— also search Google Images for Brachonidae. They are fascinating and easy to spot once you study the photos. ;) Michaela
how big do they get?
@ Lily – Parasitic wasps vary tremendously. Here’s a link to Bugguide with more information and photos: click here. Have fun with your research! They are fascinating insects! M